groves种植系统(如何在你的后院种植森林)

How to grow a forest in your backyard.

https://www.ted.com/talks/shubhendu_sharma_how_to_grow_a_forest_in_your_backyard

This is a man-made forest.It can spread over acres and acres of area,or it could fit in a small space --as small as your house garden.Age of this forest is just two years old.I have a forest in the backyard of my own house.It attracts a lot of biodiversity.

这是一个人造森林。 它可以分布在英亩和面积上，也可以放在一个小的空间里 - 就像你家的花园一样小。 这片森林的年龄只有两岁。 我在我家的后院有一片森林。 它吸引了很多生物多样性。

(Bird call)

（鸟叫）

I wake up to this every morning,like a Disney princess.

我每天早上醒来就像迪士尼公主一样。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I am an entrepreneurwho facilitates the making of these forests professionally.We have helped factories,farms,schools,homes,resorts,apartment buildings,public parksand even a zooto have one of such forests.A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together.A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence.A forest, for me,is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it.It doesn't matter how big or small they are.

我是一位促进这些森林专业化的企业家。 我们帮助工厂，农场，学校，家庭，度假村，公寓楼，公园，甚至动物园都有这样的森林之一。 森林不是一块孤立的动物聚居的土地。 森林可以成为我们城市存在的一个组成部分。 对我而言，森林是一个树木如此密集的地方，你无法走进它。 无论他们是多么大小，都无关紧要。

Most of the world we live in today was forest.This was before human intervention.Then we built up our cities on those forests,like São Paulo,forgetting that we belong to nature as well,as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet.Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat.But not anymore for some of us.A few others and I today make these forests professionally --anywhere and everywhere.

我们今天生活的世界大部分是森林。 这是人类干预之前。 然后，我们在像圣保罗这样的森林上建立了我们的城市，忘记了我们也属于自然界，这个星球上有多达840万个其他物种。 我们的栖息地不再是我们的自然栖息地。 但对我们中的一些人来说，这已经不再适用 今天我和其他几个人在任何地方都可以专业地生产这些森林。

I'm an industrial engineer.I specialize in making cars.In my previous job at Toyota,I learned how to convert natural resources into products.To give you an example,we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree,convert it into raw rubberand make a tire out of it -- the product.But these products can never become a natural resource again.We separate the elements from natureand convert them into an irreversible state.That's industrial production.

我是一名工业工程师。 我专门制造汽车。 在我以前的丰田工作中，我学会了如何将自然资源转化为产品。 举一个例子，我们会从橡胶树上滴下树汁，将它转化为生橡胶，然后制作一个轮胎 - 产品。 但是这些产品再也不能成为自然资源。 我们将元素与自然区分开来，并将它们转化为不可逆转的状态。 那是工业生产。

Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way.The natural system produces by bringing elements together,atom by atom.All the natural products become a natural resource again.This is something which I learnedwhen I made a forest in the backyard of my own house.And this was the first time I worked with nature,rather than against it.Since then,we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world.Every time we work at a new place,we find that every single element needed to make a forestis available right around us.All we have to do is to bring these elements togetherand let nature take over.

另一方面，自然则以完全相反的方式工作。 自然系统通过将元素一起原子一个一个地原子产生。 所有的天然产物再次成为自然资源。 当我在自家房子的后院修建森林时，我学到了这些东西。 这是我第一次与大自然合作，而不是反对它。 从那时起，我们在全球25个城市创造了75个这样的森林。 每当我们在新的地方工作时，我们发现在我们周围可以找到制造森林所需的每一个元素。 我们所要做的就是把这些元素融合在一起，让自然接管。

To make a forest we start with soil.We touch, feel and even taste itto identify what properties it lacks.If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact --so compact, that water cannot seep in.We mix some local biomass available around,which can help soil become more porous.Water can now seep in.If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water,we will mix some more biomass --some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse,so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.

为了打造一片森林，我们从土壤开始。 我们触摸，感受，甚至品尝它来确定它缺乏的属性。 如果土壤由小颗粒组成，它会变得致密 - 结构紧凑，水分不会渗入。我们混合了一些当地可用的生物质，这可以帮助土壤变得更加多孔。 水现在可以渗入。如果土壤不具备容纳水的能力，我们会混合一些更多的生物质 - 一些吸水性材料，如泥炭或甘蔗渣，这样土壤就可以容纳这种水，并保持湿润。

To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition.What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it?We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil.That would be the industrial way.It goes against nature.We instead add microorganisms to the soil.They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally.They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil,so all they have to do is eat and multiply.And as their number grows,the soil starts breathing again.It becomes alive.

为了生长，植物需要水，阳光和营养。 如果土壤中没有任何营养呢？ 我们不只是将营养直接添加到土壤中。 那将是工业方式。 它违背了自然。 相反，我们将微生物添加到土壤中。 它们自然产生土壤中的营养物质。 他们以我们在土壤中混合的生物质为食，所以他们所要做的就是多吃。 随着它们数量的增加，土壤又开始呼吸。 它变得活着。

We survey the native tree species of the place.How do we decide what's native or not?Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native.That's the simple rule.We survey a national parkto find the last remains of a natural forest.We survey the sacred groves,or sacred forests around old temples.And if we don't find anything at all,we go to museumsto see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago.We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place,to identify the tree species belonging there.

我们调查了这个地方的本地树种。 我们如何决定什么是本地的？ 那么，人类干预之前的任何东西都是原生的。 这是一个简单的规则。 我们调查了一个国家公园，找到天然森林的最后遗迹。 我们调查古老寺庙周围的神圣树林或神圣森林。 如果我们找不到任何东西，我们去博物馆看很久以前存在的树木的种子或木头。 我们研究这个地方的旧画，诗歌和文学，以确定那里的树种。

Once we know our trees,we divide them in four different layers:shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer.We fix the ratios of each layer,and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix.If we are making a fruit forest,we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees.It could be a flowering forest,a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees,or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.

一旦我们知道我们的树木，我们将它们分成四个不同的层次：灌木层，子树层，树层和冠层。 我们修复每一层的比例，然后我们决定混合中每种树种的百分比。 如果我们正在建造果林，我们会增加果树的比例。 它可能是一片开花的森林，一片吸引很多鸟类或蜜蜂的森林，或者它可能只是一片原生的野生常绿森林。

We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.We make sure that trees belonging to the same layerare not planted next to each other,or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall.We plant the saplings close to each other.On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch,so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist.When it's cold,frost formation happens only on the mulch,so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside.The soil is very soft --so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily,rapidly.

我们从他们那里收集种子和发芽树苗。 我们确保属于同一层的树不会相邻植物，或者他们会在长高时争取相同的垂直空间。 我们种植的树苗彼此接近。 在表面上，我们铺了一层厚厚的覆盖层，所以当它在土壤外部很热时仍然保持湿润。 当天气寒冷时，只会在覆盖层上形成结霜，因此土壤在外面冻结时仍然可以呼吸。 土壤非常柔软 - 如此柔软，根部可以很容易地，迅速地渗透进去。

Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing,but it's growing under the surface.In the first three months,roots reach a depth of one meter.These roots form a mesh,tightly holding the soil.Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots.So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree,these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.Whenever it rains,magically,mushrooms appear overnight.And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.

最初，森林似乎并不像它正在增长，但它在表面之下不断增长。 在头三个月，根深达一米。 这些根部形成网状，紧紧抓住土壤。 微生物和真菌贯穿于这个根系网络中。 所以如果树附近没有营养，那么这些微生物就会将营养物质带到树上。 每当下雨时，魔法般地，蘑菇在一夜之间出现。 这意味着下面的土壤有一个健康的真菌网络。

Once these roots are established,forest starts growing on the surface.As the forest grows we keep watering it --for the next two to three years, we water the forest.We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees,so we remove the weeds growing on the ground.As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.Eventually, the forest becomes so densethat sunlight can't reach the ground anymore.Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.

一旦这些根部建立起来，森林开始在表面上生长。 随着森林的生长，我们一直在浇水 - 在接下来的两三年里，我们为森林浇水。 我们想保留所有的水和土壤营养，只为我们的树木，所以我们去除地面上生长的杂草。 随着这片森林的生长，它会阻挡阳光。 最终，森林变得如此密集，以至于阳光无法再到达地面。 现在杂草不能生长，因为它们也需要阳光。

At this stage,every single drop of water that falls into the forestdoesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.This dense forest condenses the moist airand retains its moisture.We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest.And even without watering,the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor,it immediately starts decaying.This decayed biomass forms humus,which is food for the forest.As the forest grows,more leaves fall on the surface --it means more humus is produced,it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger.And this forest keeps growing exponentially.

在这个阶段，落入森林的每一滴水都不会蒸发回大气中。 这个茂密的森林凝结潮湿的空气并保持其湿度。 我们逐渐减少并最终停止浇灌森林。 即使没有浇水，森林地面仍然保持湿润，有时甚至黑暗。 现在，当一片树叶落在这片森林地面上时，它立即开始腐烂。 这种腐烂的生物质形成腐殖质，这是森林的食物。 随着森林的生长，更多的树叶落在地表上 - 这意味着生产出更多的腐殖质，这意味着更多的食物，因此森林可以继续生长。 而这片森林则呈指数级增长。

Once established,these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again --probably forever.In a natural forest like this,no management is the best management.It's a tiny jungle party.

一旦建立起来，这些森林就会一次又一次地再生 - 可能永远都是。 在这样的天然林中，没有管理是最好的管理。 这是一个小小的丛林聚会。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

This forest grows as a collective.If the same trees --same species --would have been planted independently,it wouldn't grow so fast.And this is how we create a 100-year-old forestin just 10 years.

这片森林成长为一个集体。 如果相同的树木 - 相同的树种 - 将独立种植，它将不会如此迅速地增长。 这就是我们如何在短短10年内创建一个拥有100年历史的森林。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢你。

(Applause)

（掌声）